Introduction: The emergence of new states outside Europe following the post-war decolonization and rising nationalism eliminated the analyses and assumptions which had founded the sociology based on the European tradition and classical positivist beliefs, which ultimately proved significant in denunciating the vainness of large-scale theories and their application on universal issues. The question of ethnicity in Iran has not been an exception. Iran is a multi-ethnic country with Fars people forming the majority of the population. Fars people mainly reside in the center of the country while other ethnic groups are settled along the borderlines. Ethnic groups settled along the borderlines have tribal extensions beyond the national borders. This status has brought about certain conditions in ethnic interactions with the central government. This condition may account for the major portion of Iran's geo-political issues and national, regional and international challenges. The present article deals with the issue of ethnicity using a hermeneutic method and postmodern approach aiming at investigating the failure of large-scale theories, a legacy of modernism and positivist method, in accounting for ethnicity issues. This article is to demonstrate that in postmodern dialogue the regional issues should be dealt with in the light of time and geography of that region.

The caliph Omar was killed in the year Hijri (644A.D) and othman and Othman succeeded him. The main reason for this event was dissatisfaction of the Arab elite of the economic program of the second caliph. Very little research has been conducted on this issue especially in Persian language. In order to clarify this issue, some points should be studied, the socioeconomical program of Omar especially regarding his program for land, his will, the cause of the economical advancement of the bourgeois after the Caliph death, and the speculations regarding his death.      

From the political sociology point of view, emerging and continuity of modem societies have been a combined with some kind of totalitarianism in west (as the First step of development), modem nation-states, modem revolutions, modem wars, Formation of totalitarian Communism-Fashism, democratic systems, and at least Globalization, terrorism, Terrorism phenomena has been deep in glomming because of ontology, epistemology, and political sociology, and has been the base of bilateralism and unharmonize Function of national and international political power side. And accordingly this situation has made some kind of disturbance in social and political systems and international relations as a whole. In this research, we take for garented the rise of terrorism by statistic, and the next step Refer to ontology of terrorism according to scholars and politicians point of view. The take for garented that with the falling down of capability of states, SOCIOPOLITICAL movements rise up in national, international, and even global level, and from this perspective, we study terrorism phenomena in level of analysis in which SOCIOPOLITICAL movements formed. At last, we study the function of terrorism mechanism from rational choice point of view.

One of the most distinctive features of Rumi’s narratives in Mathnavi is blending the stories with each other. The narrator in the midst of the story digresses to another story, links to each other two sequential stories, or sometimes narrates two stories simultaneously. Discussing the technical features of “INTERSECTIONAL narration” and its history and theories the researcher in this paper explains the distinctive features of the form of narration in Mathnavi.

The root of the nature, the reasons and the quality of SOCIOPOLITICAL leaders' thought is hidden in their epistemological system. Understanding this system helps to recognize the influential components in analyzing SOCIOPOLITICAL issues from the viewpoint of the person. Although there are many scientific works regarding the thoughts of Ayatollah Khamenei, there has not been a work which investigates his epistemological system in analyzing SOCIOPOLITICAL issues. Using a descriptive-analytical method and having an epistemological approach, seeks to discover the epistemological system of Ayatollah Khamenei in SOCIOPOLITICAL issues. In answering the question that what criteria Ayatollah Khamenei uses in analyzing SOCIOPOLITICAL issues, we came to the conclusion that his epistemological system analyzes the SOCIOPOLITICAL issues by relying on the four processes of recognition that is the possibility of recognizing political issues, the capability of accepting the truth or falsehood of political events, the possibility of recognizing the true political event from the false one and the relationship between political events. The most important distinction of his epistemological system from that of other political analysts is the combination of experiential data with logical evaluations and revelational adjustment.

Good health has been as a long standing ideal for human being, which food quantity and quality have played a key role in providing such an ideal. As a famous statement, to be poor by definition is to have less of the good things that society produces for its members, including good health and proper nutrition. Phenomenon that is called inequality, not only will be present in many areas- having its independent effect on food intake experiences each- overlapping inequalities will produce disadvantages that are more than the sum of their parts.Without having a mere economic stance for poverty/inequality here, it should be noted that simultaneous dependency of people to various disadvantaged socio-economic statuses will seriously affect their food intake experiences. In other words, multiple disadvantaged people/families will have the poorest food-related experiences. Among these multiple disadvantages, coming from nutritional literature, are lower income, lower education, higher family size, to have female household head, and rural-urban dichotomy.Present study, exploiting households’ food expenditure information of more than 38000 Iranian households, coming from nationally representative samples in year 2012, examines food-related experiences in relation to various dimensions of households/household heads’ SES status. A special emphasis is given to INTERSECTIONALity of various statuses.Preliminary findings indicate that beside of independent effects of any of lower SES related statuses, INTERSECTIONALity effects are also present, while taking households’ food-related experiences (including; per-capita energy intake, per-capita consumption of various food groups, and food variety) into account.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the major barriers to application of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPS) technologies in sustainability of livestock by ranchers of Meshkinshahr. A sample of 120 farmers was selected by using proportional random sampling method. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire. Validity of questionnaire was determined through Agricultural Jihad exports of Meshkinshahr County and some faculty members at University of Tehran, Department of Agricultural Management and Development. Cronbach’s alpha was used to estimate the reliability. The reliability was found to be acceptable. The results of Factor Analysis showed that infrastructure barriers, informational- educational barriers, institutional-support barriers, personal barriers, economical barriers were the five barriers to application of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPS) technologies in livestock unites. These factors explained 67.23 percent of the total variance.

Discrimination in law is defined on the basis of separate identity grounds such as gender or race, etc. Critical law theorist, Kimberly Crenshaw, challenged the single-axis approach to the discrimination with the introduction of the concept of INTERSECTIONALity in 1989, and since then, the INTERSECTIONAL approach has rapidly expanded into different fields and disciplines under different ways and methodologies. In this article, three basic critiques of INTERSECTIONALity with anti-discrimination law, including legal essentialism and the experience of discrimination, a single-axis framework of discrimination, and additive approach and multiple discrimination are debated. So, INTERSECTIONAL discrimination is defined as unequal positions based on social categorization shaped in the complex power relations according to context and in conflict with social justice. The approach of this article is a descriptive-critical approach and the method of the article is to explain each of the criticisms of INTERSECTIONALity based on the judgments of Iranian Supreme Court.

The statistical data of Tehran Province shows that the ratios of output and employment of service sector to total provincial output and employment are 57 and 63 percent in 2001, respectively. The aim of this article is to quantitatively explain the structure of service -based economy of province, using Input-Output Model and INTERSECTIONAL linkages by Eigen Vector method. So, the main question in this research is that can the usage of Eigen vector method rather than traditional methods like Chenery-Watanabe and Rasmussen methods evaluate more precisely the importance of provincial economic sectors on the basis of intermediate viability in the production process?For this purpose, first the Input-Output Table of “Tehran Province” for 2001 was estimated by AFLQ method, and then the importance of provincial economic sectors was measured in terms of forward and backward linkages by Chenery-Watanabe, Rasmussen and Eigen vector methods.The results show that Eigen Vector Method can explain the importance of economic sectors of province on the basis of intermediate viability in the production process, in such a way that four key sectors are of dominant shares in industrial activities which their average share of demand out of total output is 45.5 percent, but ratios for 71 economic and service sectors are 76 percent and 84 percent, respectively. In general, results show that the nature of service sector in Tehran province is different from the services in modern economies. The main reason is that the service sector in Tehran is the consuming rather than producing sector.